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Scientist-authors and editors debate the importance and meaning of creativity and offer tips on how to write a top paper. Angel Borja, marine scientist at AZTI-Tecnalia, a producer of sustainable business services and goods, Pasaia, Spain; journal editor; author of a series on preparing a manuscript. Think about the message you want to give to readers. If that is not clear, misinterpretations may arise later. And a clear message is even more important when there is a multidisciplinary group of authors, which is increasingly common.
I encourage groups to sit together in person and seek consensus — not only in the main message, but also in the selection of data, the visual presentation and the information necessary to transmit a strong message.
The most important information should be in the main text. To avoid distraction, writers should put additional data in the supplementary material.
Writers should put their results into a global context to demonstrate what makes those results significant or original. There is a narrow line between speculation and evidence-based conclusions. A writer can speculate in the discussion — but not too much. In the conclusion, include a one- or two-sentence statement on the research you plan to do in the future and on what else needs to be explored.
I co-wrote a paper B. Mensh and K. Kording PLoS Comput. It is one of the most highly tweeted papers so far. In each paragraph, the first sentence defines the context, the body contains the new idea and the final sentence offers a conclusion. For the whole paper, the introduction sets the context, the results present the content and the discussion brings home the conclusion.
Everything in the paper should logically and structurally support that idea. It can be a delight to creatively bend the rules, but you need to know them first. You have to guide the naive reader to the point at which they are ready to absorb what you did.
As a writer, you need to detail the problem. Answering one central question — What did you do? Every section of the manuscript needs to support that one fundamental idea. Scientific authors are often scared to make confident statements with muscularity.
When they write for a journal gatekeeper rather than for a human being, the result is muddy prose. I encourage scientists to read outside their field to better appreciate the craft and principles of writing. Zoe Doubleday, ecologist, University of Adelaide, Australia; co-author of a paper on embracing creativity and writing accessible prose in scientific publications.
Always think of your busy, tired reader when you write your paper — and try to deliver a paper that you would enjoy reading yourself. Why does scientific writing have to be stodgy, dry and abstract? Humans are story-telling animals. Doubleday et al. Trends Ecol. One of the principal problems with writing a manuscript is that your individual voice is stamped out.
Writers can be stigmatized by mentors, manuscript reviewers or journal editors if they use their own voice. It is a concern. Once the paper has a clear message, I suggest that writers try some vivid language to help to tell the story. But, ultimately, the editors let me keep it. Recently, after hearing me speak on this topic, a colleague mentioned that she had just rejected a review paper because she felt the style was too non-scientific.
She admitted that she felt she had made the wrong decision and would try to reverse it. It sounds good, but the purpose of a scientific paper is to convey information. Flourishes can be distracting. Figurative language can also bamboozle a non-native English speaker. My advice is to make the writing only as complex as it needs to be. That said, there are any number of ways of writing a paper that are far from effective.
One of the most important is omitting crucial information from the methods section. That can mean the research is a dead end. At the same time, authors should avoid being over-confident in their conclusions. Editors and peer reviewers are looking for interesting results that are useful to the field. Without those, a paper might be rejected. Unfortunately, authors tend to struggle with the discussion section.
They need to explain why the findings are interesting and how they affect a wider understanding of the topic. Authors should also reassess the existing literature and consider whether their findings open the door for future work. Stacy Konkiel, director of research and education at Altmetric, London, which scores research papers on the basis of their level of digital attention. Di Girolamo and R. Reynders J. Those findings tie in with my experience.
My biggest piece of advice is to get to the point. Authors spend a lot of time setting up long-winded arguments to knock down possible objections before they actually state their case. Make your point clearly and concisely — if possible in non-specialist language, so that readers from other fields can quickly make sense of it. If you write in a way that is accessible to non-specialists, you are not only opening yourself up to citations by experts in other fields, but you are also making your writing available to laypeople, which is especially important in the biomedical fields.
My Altmetric colleague Amy Rees notes that she sees a trend towards academics being more deliberate and thoughtful in how they disseminate their work. For example, we see more scientists writing lay summaries in publications such as The Conversation , a media outlet through which academics share news and opinions. An essential round-up of science news, opinion and analysis, delivered to your inbox every weekday. Advanced search. Search for this author in: Pub Med Nature.
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Scientist-authors and editors debate the importance and meaning of creativity and offer tips on how to write a top paper. Angel Borja, marine scientist at AZTI-Tecnalia, a producer of sustainable business services and goods, Pasaia, Spain; journal editor; author of a series on preparing a manuscript. Think about the message you want to give to readers. If that is not clear, misinterpretations may arise later. And a clear message is even more important when there is a multidisciplinary group of authors, which is increasingly common.
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Essay Paper — General Studies Paper — 1. General Studies Paper — 2. General Studies Paper — 3. Illustrate any three of these with suitable examples. Reflect on the expected role of public servant. Critically examine the reasons for under-utilization and mis-utilization of public funds and their implications. Do you agree with this view? Justify your answer.
Paper size standards govern the size of sheets of paper used as writing paper, stationery , cards, and for some printed documents. The ISO standard, which includes the commonly used A4 size, is the international standard for paper size.
